The Korean people were allegedly descendants of Shinto god Susanoo, the brother of Amaterasu the sun goddess ancestor of the Japanese nation, and didn't know that they had always been Japanese since ancient times, so Governor-General Koiso called upon them to 'know their true nature' in 1944 speech

In February 1944, Governor-General Koiso gave a speech in which he used some pretty wild religious arguments, quoting passages of Nihon Shoki, the Shinto bible, to justify the Japanese-Korean unification campaign to erase Korean language, culture, and ethnic identity in Korea. Being a fanatical religious fundamentalist and a fervent follower of Master Imaizumi, Koiso actually believed that the mythology of Nihon Shoki was literal truth.

In his speech, Koiso claimed that all Koreans were descendants of the god Susanoo-no-mikoto, the younger brother of Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess who was the ancestor of the Emperor and the Japanese nation. According to the Nihon Shoki, the Shinto bible, Susanoo-no-mikoto was sent to Korea by his father to become its ruler, and Koiso suggested that Susanoo-no-mikoto was the same person as Dangun, the mythological founder of Korea. Koiso also suggested that, when a son of Susanoo-no-mikoto (the younger brother) subordinated himself to a grandson of the Sun Goddess (the older sister) by performing a "divine ritual handover of the country", the precedent was established whereby the descendants of the younger brother (i.e. the Korean people) would be subjugated by the descendants of the older sister (i.e. the Japanese people). Koiso claimed that the annexation of Korea in 1910 was the same "divine ritual handover of the country" that was performed in mythological times.

This explains a lot of things, like why Koiso persisted in using words like "Know yourselves!" and "Know your true nature!" to address the Korean people. Now we know that it was actually a command to the Korean people to remember the fact that they were descendants of Susanoo-no-mikoto. It also reveals that Japanese-Korean Unification never meant that the assimilated Koreans would be equal to native Japanese people. Instead, the Koreans would remain subordinate to the Japanese in accordance with the precedent established by the "divine ritual handover" which happened in mythological times. This is also consistent with Master Imaizumi's analogies comparing Japanese-Korean unification with an unequal parent-child relationship or rider-horse relationship.

This religious fanaticism which infected the colonial regime also explains other things which are not so easily explained through the cold calculated logic of war. For example, it boggles the mind why the colonial regime would divert precious labor and resources to build hundreds of Shinto shrines all over Korea in 1944 in the middle of a desperate war. But it all makes sense when you realize that this was all part of an effort to complete the divinely ordained "ritual handover", in which the complete subordination of the descendants of Susanoo-no-Mikoto to the Emperor, the descendant of the Sun Goddess, would end the calamity that was the U.S. and Britain.

To put it in another way, the official line of the colonial regime was that the Koreans had always been Japanese people all along - they just didn't know it yet. The regime hoped that forcibly re-educating the Koreans would help them remember their "true nature" and awaken as true Japanese people to fulfill divinely ordained destiny. However, that spectacularly backfired, since it only deepened their anger and resentment until things exploded with the end of Imperial Japanese rule in 1945.

Koiso's vanity is evident in how he includes a photo of a rough draft of his speech in the newspaper, presumably to burnish his credentials as a deep thinker and writier, when in actuality his words sound a lot like they were copied from Master Imaizumi. The three parts of his speech were spread out over three days: February 16 (part 1), February 18 (part 2), and February 19 (part 3), but the rough draft photographed in this article is actually an excerpt from part 3 of his speech in which he rails against the evils of Marxism.

This article is full of references to lots of religious terminology from the Shinto religion, so I've added plenty of links to Wikipedia pages and other resources for further reading. Following the translation, I've also posted an excerpt from a mainstream academic article about Soshimori, a place in Silla which is mentioned by Koiso.

(Translation)

Gyeongseong Ilbo February 16, 1944

Thorough adherence to the true meaning of the National Body brings inevitable victory! (Transcript of Governor-General Koiso's Speech) [1]

Know the historical facts and know yourselves!

It is plainly clear that the Japanese and the Koreans share the same ancestry

On February 3rd, to mark the occasion of the anniversary of the founding of the Imperial Japanese nation, the Korean Federation of National Power dispatched a cheerleading team of 142 members from the Special Volunteer Press Corps to Seoul Citizens Hall to take part in the Movement of National Peoples Rising Up En Masse to Destroy the U.S. and Britain, which was unfolded all over Korea. Governor-General Koiso, who attended as the President of the Federation, gave an impassioned speech of encouragement regarding "the current state of the war and the mission that Korea has been entrusted with". His words which so deeply moved the corps members, as previously reported, are reproduced below.

The head office of this newspaper took a shorthand copy of the speech and asked the Governor-General to review it, upon which he spent almost all of Sunday, February 13 painstakingly making careful additions and corrections, before he left for his inspection tour of the north and south of the country. Therefore, we have decided to publish this speech as follows, in order to make the Governor-General's intentions known as widely as possible in view of the national movement that is currently being unleashed like a raging storm among the various towns (eup) and townships (myeon).

[This photograph shows Governor-General Koiso and a part of his revisions to a transcript of his speech]

As we welcome the third new spring of the Greater East Asia War, we the people totaling 100 million, regardless of whether we are on the front lines or on the home front, must gather all our strength and renew our spirit to achieve a great victory in the decisive battle that we must anticipate this year. In order to respond to the will of the gods in the autumn, and in order to arouse our determination to fight, we must urge all 25 million of our Korean compatriots to rise up en masse. It is my sincere pleasure as the President of the Federation to have this opportunity to address a few words in response to the magnificent appearance of the newly organized Special Volunteer Press Corps, which has been formed for this purpose. However, due to the nature of my duties, I have not had time to make any prepared statements, and so I must confess that I am faced with a situation in which I must make do with a few of my own impromptu words.

First of all, I would like to say that you must first know your own true nature before you can come and rally together en masse as part of the 100 million. It is clearly stated in historical fact that Susanoo-no-Mikoto, the younger brother of our ancestor Amaterasu, was appointed by his father Izanagi-no-Mikoto to rule over the four provinces (Yomotsukuni), and that he established his base in Korea. In other words, the Japanese classic text "Nihon Shoki" (The Chronicles of Japan) clearly states, "At this time, Susanoo-no-Mikoto brought his son Isotakeru and descended to Silla, arriving in a place called Soshimori".

Silla refers to Korea because Silla was the dominant ruling power in Korea at the time when the "Nihon Shoki" was written. The place name Soshimori contains the Korean words "so" and "mori": "so (소)" is the Korean word for bull and "mori (머리)" is the Korean word for head. The word "shi" is an auxiliary particle. Thus, Soshimori means bull-head in Korean. That is why Susanoo-no-Mikoto is called Gozu Tennō, or the bull(go)-headed(zu) divine king, in mainland Japan.

Later, when Susanoo-no-Mikoto's son Ōkuninushi was based in Izumo and ruling his region, Ninigi-no-Mikoto, who was the grandson of Amaterasu, who in turn was the older sister of Susanoo-no-Mikoto, was summoned down to Japan by Susanoo-no-Mikoto to rule the country. In response, Ōkuninushi, the son of Susanoo-no-Mikoto, subordinated himself to Ninigi-no-Mikoto, since he realized that the land should really be ruled by the grandson of Amaterasu. That was how the unification of the two countries was established through the so-called "divine ritual handover of the country".

Some people say that "Gija Joseon" was the historical founding ancestor of Korea. However, according to historians, that was merely a so-called 'historical fact' created by the Chinese of that time, who wanted to show off the greatness of China to the world by making the contrived argument that the founding ancestor of Korea was Gija, who came from Northern China. I believe that it is closer to the truth that "Dangun Joseon" was the true founding ancestor of Korea.

We do not know who Dangun really was. Some historians say that Dangun was Susanoo-no-Mikoto, while others say that Dangun was Susanoo-no-Mikoto's son, Isotakeru. In any case, I think it is almost certain that the ancestors of our 25 million compatriots on the Korean Peninsula today can truly be traced back to Susanoo-no-Mikoto.

Subsequently, the annexation of Korea took place in 1910 during the Meiji Era. I am convinced that there can be no mistake in asserting that what took place in Korea in the Meiji Era was exactly the same "divine ritual handover of the country" that was performed between Ninigi-no-Mikoto and Ōkuninushi at the end of the divine era.

The various deities who served Ōkuninushi at the end of the divine era were called Kunitsugami (gods of the earth), and the various deities who served Ninigi-no-Mikoto were called Amatsugami (gods of the heavens). These days, there are various publications mentioning the gods of the heavens and the earth, but these are actually references to Kunitsugami and Amatsugami. When we see that everyone is descended from the two pillar gods Izanagi and Izanami, then we see that the gods of the heavens and the gods of the earth both share a common ancestry.

This is the reason why, ever since I took office, I have always proclaimed that the Japanese and the Koreans have the same roots and the same ancestry. Otherwise, it defies comprehension as to why, for thousands of years on the Korean peninsula, there has existed an independent ethnic group that has remained completely distinct from all the other peoples. Ever since I took office in Korea, I have been asking you to know your own nature first, in order for you to know that the Japanese and the Koreans are one people.

Fortunately, as I have just said, if you can clearly recognize your own true nature, then I am convinced that you will inevitably be able to come to your senses and rally together here en masse as a part of one people of 100 million.

For several years now, there have been many calls for Japanese-Korean unification. However, as I see it, it is rather lamentable that we have to cry out for Japanese-Korean unification in the first place. I believe that the fact that the people are not conscious of Japanese-Korean unification unless they are reminded of it, indicates that the general public has neglected to investigate the true nature of themselves.

Over 30 years have passed since the annexation of Korea, and we have truly made remarkable progress since then. However, as much as I might regret saying this, I believe that, during the years since the annexation, if we had only cultivated a little more deeply in the areas that I mentioned just now, the past 30 years would have taken an even more glorious trajectory. I think this point is very important, and therefore, I would like to add a few words …

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1944-02-16

[In contrast, here is a mainstream academic article about Soshimori:]

An early Korean cultic center in the kingdom of Silla was located in the vicinity of a trapezoid-shaped hill that was called, in the Japanese rendering of the classical Korean, soshimori. In ancient Korea and Japan, cattle, especially bulls, were sacrificed for rain, good harvests, and the prevention of disease, and soshimori was one of the major Korean cultic sites at which such sacrifices were offered. According to Kubota Osamu, the "soshi" part of the word soshimori means bull and the "mori" means head, and thus the site was called "Bull's Head Mountain." Bull sacrifice is, of course, not unique to the ancient Korean and Japanese cultures, but the role and significance of the bull is especially relevant with regard to our Heavenly Divinity story.

In one early version of that story Mutō Tenjin is identified with Gozu Tennō, the bull (go)-headed(zu) divinity, but in another version of it Gozu Tennō is said to be Mutō Tenjin's eldest son. In either case Mutō Tenjin and Gozu Tennō are intimately linked in that the name "Gozu" (Korean, soshimori) is the same as the name of the hill in Silla where Mutō Tenjin resided. In early Japan various divinities were linked together and traditions conflated, not by way of the well known honji-suijaku ("original-trace") mechanism of later days whereby relations of identity were made between specific native divinities and specific Buddhas or bodhisattvas for various and sometimes convoluted reasons but by way of the relatively simple technique of name linkage. That is, a certain divinity known by one name is found to have another name, and thus the formerly two divinities that were identified by different names are coalesced into a single divinity known by several names.

Source: McMullin, N. (1988). On Placating the Gods and Pacifying the Populace: The Case of the Gion “Goryō” Cult. History of Religions, 27(3), 270–293. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062279

(Transcription)

京城日報　1944年2月16日

国体本義に徹せる必勝不敗　小磯総督　講話速記　【一】

史実と自己を知れ

正に明か内鮮は同祖

紀元の佳節を期して全鮮一斉に展開された米英撃滅国民総蹶起運動に総力聯盟から派遣の報道特別挺身隊員百四十二名の壮行会が去る二月三日京城府民館で挙行された席上、聯盟総裁として臨席した小磯総督は『戦局の現段階と朝鮮の負荷する使命』につき熱烈たる激励の弁を与え、隊員として感奮せしめたことは既報の通りである。

本社は当日特に右の講話を速記し、総督に検閲を乞った處、全南北巡視に出発される二月十三日の日曜日の殆ど全部を費やして入念な加筆、訂正の労を執られた。仍て本社は現に各邑面間に怒涛の如く捲き起こされている国民運動につき、総督の意図を限りなく周知せしむるため左にこれを掲載することにした。

【写真は小磯総督と総督の加筆訂正した講話速記の一部】

大東亜戦争第三の新春を迎えて我々一億国民はその職域が第一線にあろうと銃後にあろうことを問わず、総力を結集し気魄を新にして、見事今年予期すべき決戦に大勝利を把握致し以て聖旨に応え奉らねばならぬ秋に方り、茲に決戦意欲昂揚のため半島二千五百万同胞の総蹶起を促さんがために、今回新に編成せられました報道特別挺身隊諸君の壮容に接しまして、一言所懐を述べる機会を得ますことは本総裁の心から欣快とする所であります。唯だ職務の関係上何等準備を整え得る余暇を得なかったために、結局思いつきを述べてその責を塞がねばならぬ事態に直面しておることをお断り致します。

第一にお話申し上げたいと思いますことは、先ず自己の本質を知って然る後一億結集に向えということであります。我が皇祖天照大神の弟神であらせられまする素戔嗚尊は、その父神様の伊弉諾尊の御命令によりまして四方国（ヨモツクニ）の統治に任ぜられることになり、この根拠を朝鮮に置かれましたことは史実の明記する所であります。即ち我が古典日本書紀の中に、『是時、素戔嗚尊、帥其子五十猛神降到新羅国、居於曾尸茂梨之處』と明記しております。

新羅国というのはこの日本書紀の著述せられました当時、朝鮮を統治しておる所の雄国が新羅でありました故に、朝鮮ということを現わすのに新羅という名を以てしたという訳であり、『曾尸茂梨』ということは朝鮮語の『ソモリ』が牛頭である、『ソ』は牛であり、『モリ』は頭で『尸』というのは助辞でありましょうか。『曾尸茂梨』は結局牛頭ということでありましょう。さればこそ日本内地に於いては素戔嗚尊を牛頭（ゴヅ）天王と呼ばれるのであります。

その後素戔嗚尊の御子大国主命が出雲に根拠してあの地方を統治しておられました当時、素戔嗚尊の姉神様でいらせられ天照大神の御孫に当られる皇孫瓊瓊杵尊を日本にお降しになって統治を命ぜられました。茲に素戔嗚尊の御子大国主命は天孫瓊瓊杵尊の降臨に召し、この国土は正に天孫の統治せられる處であろうというので、所謂国譲りの神事ということによって合体が成立したのであります。

朝鮮の歴史の始祖を箕子朝鮮と称する向もありますが、之は史家の明言しておる如く、蓋し当時の支那人が支那の大を天下に誇らんがために、朝鮮の始祖を北支那から流れて来た箕子によって拓かれた所であると牽強付会な議論を立てることによって唱えられた史実であり、寧ろ檀君朝鮮と呼ばれることのほうが真実性が多いと承っております。

檀君とは果して如何なる方であるかは判りませんが、一史家の唱える所によれば、檀君とは素戔嗚尊なり、又一説曰く、檀君とは素戔嗚尊の御子、五十猛神なりという説もあります。何れに致しましても朝鮮半島におりまする現在の二千五百万同胞の祖先は正に素戔嗚尊に帰一しておるということは殆ど断言して誤りないのじゃないかと思います。

そうして降って明治四十三年韓国併合ということが明治の聖代に行われましたが、これは即ち申す迄もなく神代の末期に於いて瓊瓊杵尊と大国主命の間に執り行われたる国譲りの神事が、正に明治の聖代に於いて行われたものであると断言して一つも間違いがないと確信致します。

神代の末期に於いて大国主命に仕え奉ったる諸々神、これを国津神と称し、瓊瓊杵尊に仕え奉ったる諸々神はこれを天津神と称しまして、今日色々の書物に天神地祇、即ち天津神、国津神というのはそういう所から出ておるものと思います。そうしてその元が総て伊弉諾、伊弉冉の二柱の神に出発しておる所から見れば、天神も地祇もその祖を同じうしておる訳であります。

これ即ち私が就任以来今日に至る迄、内鮮は同根同祖なりと叫び来っておった所以であり、又さもなくんばこの半島に、古来数千年全く他と異なったる独立民族の存在しておるということも解し兼ねる所であり、これが私の朝鮮に職を奉ぜる時以来内鮮が同胞であることを知る為に、先ず自らの本質を知れというて参ったのであります。

そうして幸いに今私が申し述べた如く、その本質を明確に自認体得し得ると致しましたならば茲に一億結集の必然なくてはならないことをも自覚せしめられるものであると確信しておるのであります。

数年前から内鮮一体の叫びは盛んであります。しかし観じ来れば、内鮮一体と叫ばねばならないということそのことが、寧ろ嘆かわしい次第じゃありますまいか。そういうようなことを言わなければ内鮮一体を意識しないというようなこと程左様に一般の人々が自己の本質ということを究明するのを怠っておったことになると思うのであります。

日韓併合以後茲に三十数年、洵に目覚ましい発展を遂げては来ておりますが、甚だ言いすぎる憾みもありますけれども、若しこの併合の当初より今迄私が申し述べましたような所にもう少し深く培って来ておりましたならば、この三十年というものは更に輝かしい道程を辿っておったのではないかと考えさせられるのであります。この点甚だ重要であろうと思いますが、故に蛇足ながら少し付加えさせて頂きましょう。

 

Koreans generally used to make their own miso and soy sauce at home with raw soybeans, but with those rations gone, they were blamed for allegedly 'encroaching upon' and hoarding the miso and soy sauce that the ethnic Japanese normally consumed, contributing to shortages (Gyeonggi-do, 1943)

This is an interesting article about the dire shortages of miso and soy sauce in Seoul, where authorities apparently struggled to prevent consumers from hoarding scarce supplies. The Korean people, who apparently used to make their own miso and soy sauce at home, had to start buying ready-made miso and soy sauce from grocery stores once rations of raw soybeans were stopped. The problem was that supplies of ready-made miso and soy sauce were only enough for the small ethnic Japanese community, who only made about 2.9% of Korea's population at the time, so shortages inevitably resulted. Authorities did all they could to increase production, but they cut corners by substituting ingredients, cutting brewing times, and watering down the soy sauce, resulting in poor quality.

(Translation)

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) December 19, 1943

Tomorrow's posture to win through to victory

A Focus on Eating Habits (3)

Miso and Soy Sauce Edition

Housewives are confused by rumors

What are the true causes of the shortages?

These days, difficulties in obtaining common side dishes has increased the role of miso and soy sauce as seasonings, and demand for these products is on the rise. Aside from soy sauce, there is an outcry over shortages when it comes to miso. This is compounded by rumors that miso and soy sauce will be rationed, and the number of housewives who go to grocery stores in Seoul every day to buy up miso has been increasing dramatically. However, is it really true that miso and soy sauce are going to be rationed?

In view of last year's winter shortages and the shortages still being reported in the present day, let us examine the brewing and market situations of miso and soy sauce, which are indispensable seasonings for home cooking. First, let us look at the causes of the wintertime shortages of miso, as explained by Mr. Kan'ichi Inoue, director of the Gyeonggi-do Soy Sauce and Miso Brewing Industry Association.

"There were shortages last winter because we had a poor harvest of soybeans and barley, so we had to rely on ingredients from Manchuria for brewing. The raw ingredients were not as available on the market as we had hoped, so we had to use great millet, chestnuts, and Japanese barnyard millet instead. But this year, things are going well with Korean-made ingredients, so much so that we are busy with production at the 28 brewing facilities in the Seoul area. It may be because we learned some lessons from last year. There is absolutely no reason to believe that miso and soy sauce will become scarce during this winter season."

If housewives are having difficulty buying miso, it is probably because of the proliferation of hoarding behavior by consumers who are being misled by completely groundless, false rumors that miso cannot be brewed due to a lack of ingredients or that miso will be placed on the rationing card system. This hoarding is evidenced by the fact that people who used to each buy 100 monme (375 grams) or 200 monme (700 grams) of miso in the summer would each buy 500 monme (1.88 kg) or even 1 kan (3.75 kg) of miso in the winter, since miso goes bad in the summer but can be stored for a long time in the winter. Such people check out grocery stores far and wide and buy up all the supplies that they can find.

Another reason for the shortages is the fact that working Korean people used to make their own miso and soy sauce at home using their rations of soybeans and salt, but ever since the rations for those raw ingredients were completely stopped, it could be said that they naturally started to encroach upon the miso and soy sauce supplies that were normally consumed by the ethnic Japanese people. Such increase in demand along with the senseless hoarding driven by misleading rumors are the reasons why miso and soy sauce can no longer be easily purchased.

[Photo: Miso and soy sauce in abundance]

Nevertheless, the increase in consumption has been met with a considerable increase in the amount of raw ingredients, and brewing methods cannot fully meet demand with only two brewing cycles in spring and fall. Therefore, each brewery has adopted an immediate brewing method and is doing everything in its power to keep brewing and make sure that its products do not run out in the marketplace. Therefore, from the brewery's point of view, there is absolutely no chance that consumers will suffer from shortages. We discussed these breweries' encouraging solutions with various food retailers and asked for their opinions.

"Retailers receive shipments of brewed products from wholesalers, but breweries also sell their products directly, so we buy the miso directly from the breweries every week or every two weeks. In terms of sales volume, there is no difference at all between summer and winter. However, in recent days we are seeing lots of completely unfamiliar customers each coming to buy 1 kan (3.75 kg) of miso. Some customers want more than that, but we try not to sell more than 1 kan (3.75 kg) of miso to a single customer. As retailers, we are rather surprised at the number of customers who keep coming to us asking for miso," said one food retailer in the Seoul area.

These reactions by the breweries and retailers may seem a bit confusing to housewives who are concerned about shortages of miso and soy sauce. However, in light of the fact that rationing was ultimately not implemented, and market availability has been the same as usual, we should all take a moment to reflect on whether or not we are each buying 1 kan (3.75 kg) of miso as well. Aside from complaints about the availability of miso and soy sauce on the market, there are many people who are saying, in recent days, that the miso tastes bad and that the soy sauce is watery. To address those who go so far as to suggest that retailers might be watering down their soy sauce, we turn again to Director Inoue of the Brewing Industry Association.

"I often hear people say that the taste of soy sauce has declined, but from the point of view of the retailers, it can be said that consumers tend to demand high-quality products too much. For example, miso is not classified into different quality grades. Instead, miso is divided into two types: white and red. White miso used to be made from rice, but now it is made from barley. This may not taste good to those who are accustomed to the traditional taste. It may also be that the immediate brewing method, which was adopted to meet demand, is more or less diluting the original viscous texture that the miso used to have."

In the past, soy sauce brands such as Kikkōman and Marukin were shipped in from mainland Japan, but now the soy sauce is all made in Gyeonggi-do. The #1-grade products are the four brands: Kikkōryū, Kikkōyū, Kuniyoshi, and Fujitada. When these high-quality brands are unavailable, then you ultimately have no choice but to buy the #2-grade or #3-grade products, which presumably results in the impression that the taste of soy sauce has declined.

The quality of soy sauce is supposed to be better than before due to the revision of the official prices in July, along with the revision of the standards. In the end, the decline in taste means that high quality products are no longer available. One could argue that the brewing of #2-grade and #3-grade products should be reduced in favor of increasing the production of high-quality products. However, brewing #1-grade products nowadays requires considerable improvements in the manufacturing facilities, and technologically, breweries that have been brewing #2-grade and #3-grade products cannot raise the quality of their products overnight. Anyways, it is a completely false and groundless belief that miso and soy sauce can no longer be brewed due to a lack of raw ingredients or that they will be placed on the rationing card system. Supplies will be plentiful if consumers curb their hoarding behavior.

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-12-19

See also the other Keijo Nippo food shortages articles in the same series:

1. 1. Egg and poultry shortages
   2. Fish and seafood shortages
   3. Vegetable shortages

(Transcription)

京城日報　1943年12月19日

勝ち抜くあすの構え

食生活を衝く　（３）

味噌・醤油

風説に迷う主婦

不足の真因はどこに

一般副食品の入手難は調味料としての味噌、醤油の役割を加重し需要度が増加している現在、醤油はさて措いて味噌に至っては品不足の声が高い。これに輪をかけた様に味噌、醤油が統制になるといった風説が流れ、府内の各食料品店に連日味噌を買い漁る主婦の姿が激増しているが、事実味噌、醤油は配給になるだろうか。

殊に冬季における昨年の逼迫に鑑み現在も品不足が叫ばれている時、家庭食品の不可欠な調味料である味噌、醤油に付いてその醸造、市販状態を解明してみよう。先ず冬期における味噌の逼迫原因を京畿道醤油味噌醸造工業組合理事井上勘一氏の説明に求める。

「昨冬の逼迫は原料である大豆、麥などの不作の為、満州物に依存して醸造に努めたのであったが、それも思う様に原料が入手出来ず高粱、栗、稗などを使って事実出回りは悪かったが、本年度は鮮産物で順調に府内二十八の醸造所では仕込みに忙しい位です。こうした昨年の例もあるからでしょうか。冬期に味噌、醤油の出回りが悪くなると云うことは絶対ありません」

事実一般家庭の主婦が味噌買いに難渋しているとすれば、それは原料がなくて醸れぬとか切符制になると云った根も葉もない風説に惑わされた買い溜め行為が多くなっているからでしょう。この買い溜めを裏書きするものとしては夏場は味噌買占めて置いても腐るが、冬期は相当の貯蔵に堪えるため、夏場は百匁、二百匁と買った人が此の頃では五百匁、一貫目と買ってゆくばかりか、遠隔を問わず食料品店を覗いては見つけ次第に買い漁る人がある様です。

それに今一つの原因は従業半島人側では大豆、塩の配給を受けて自家用の味噌、醤油を造っていたが、そうした原料の配給が一切無くなった為、当然内地人側の味噌、醤油に食い込んで来たことにあるともいえましょう。この様に需要が多くなった事と風説にまどわされる無自覚な買い漁りが味噌、醤油を容易に買い出せなくなった原因である。

【写真＝沢山ある味噌、醤油】

といっても消費増加については原料も相当量増配され、醸造法は従来の春秋の二度の仕込みだけでは需要に応じ切れぬため、各醸造所では即醸法を採って市販を絶やさぬよう全能力を挙げて醸造しています。ですから醸造方面から見れば絶対に消費者が不足を難ずる点は無いと思われるのです。この醸造所の頼もしい解答を府内の各小売食料品店に持ち込んで正否を問う。

「小売店では醸造された品物を卸から受けるのですが、醸造所がその儘卸売りも兼ねているので、一週間乃至二週間毎に取引先である醸造所から廻ってくる味噌を市販しますが、量的にみて夏分とは全然変りがありませんが、最近は全然見知らない客種が多く一貫目買いが多いようです。それ以上を望まれる人もありますが、最高一貫目以上は一人客に売らない様にしてます。私ども小売商としては味噌はないかと始終聴きに来る客をむしろ不思議に思います」とは府内某食料小売商人の弁であった。

醸造所や、小売商側からみてのこの回答では味噌、醤油の不足を難じる主婦にとってはいささか狐につままれた形だが、結局統制にもならず出回りは普段と同じだという事実に鑑み、各家庭でも今一度、自分達は一貫目買いをしてはいないか反省してみようではないですか。味噌、醤油の市販状態に次いで最近味噌が不味くなった、醤油が水っぽいと云った声が高く、小売商は醤油に水を割ってはいないかとまで極言する人達の為に再び先の井上組合理事に訊く。

「味が落ちたと云う声もしばしば聞きますが、業者から云わせれば消費者が良質品を求め過ぎる傾向が強いといえます。たとえば味噌は等級がなく、白味噌、赤味噌の二種があって白味噌の原料は今迄米であったものを現在大麦で醸っている。これなど従来の味に馴れた人にとっては不味いことになるのでしょうし、需要に応ずる為即醸法を採れば多少味噌本来のねっとりした味わいは薄くなるでしょう」

また醤油にしてもかつては内地産の亀甲万、丸金などが入荷していたが、現在は道内産の物ばかりで、一級品は亀甲龍、亀甲祐、国良、富士忠の四種ですが、高級品が手に入らぬ時は必然二級品三級品を購入する訳で味が落ちたと云う様な結果になるのでしょう。

醤油の品質は七月公定価の改正と共に規格も改正になり、むしろ今迄より良くなっている筈です。結局味が落ちたということは高級品が手に這入らぬということになりましょう。それでは二級三級品の醸造を減らして高級品を多量に造れば良いではないか、ということもいえますが、現在一級品を醸造するには設備の点からも相当な改善を必要とし、技術的にも、二、三級品を醸っていた醸造所では仲々一朝一夕に品種を引き上げるということが出来ないのです。とにかく味噌、醤油は現在の所切符制になるとか原料が無く醸れぬと云ったことは一切無根の妄説ですから、消費者の買い漁りを控えて貰えれば潤沢になります。

This Korean family in Seoul donated their metallic tableware in February 1943 to help Imperial Japan's war effort, including their brass Sinseollo (신선로, 神仙爐), a prized cooking vessel that was passed down the generations from their ancestors in the Korean royal court

This article shows a Korean man and his maidservant donating 32 brass items for Imperial Japan's war effort, including a brass Sinseollo (신선로, 神仙爐), a traditional Korean hot pot cooking vessel which was apparently passed down the generations from his ancestors. Since this type of cooking vessel was traditionally only used in the Korean royal court, it seems that this Korean man came from a privileged family background. The fact that he had a maidservant attests to his wealth. Countless other historical cultural artifacts were likely donated in this way or confiscated and then melted down to make armaments for the Imperial Japanese military.

(Translation)

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) February 7, 1943

Brass items donated one after another

"In times like these, it is shameful to keep such extravagant things stored away. Please use this Sinseollo, wash basin, and tableware to make torpedoes for destroying our hated enemies, the U.S. and Britain," said Ms. Katayama Tamae (44 years old), a resident of 6-103 Jongno-gu, Seoul. Upon her request, her eldest son Mitsuo (25 years old) and her maidservant took 32 items including one brass Sinseollo, which had been passed down from her ancestors, a wash basin, and tableware and donated them at the main office of this newspaper on the morning of February 6th. [Photo: a mountain of brass items in front of Mitsuo and the maidservant]

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-02-07

(Transcription)

京城日報　1943年2月7日

相踵ぐ”鍮器献納”

『この時局にこんな贅沢なものを死蔵しては申し訳ないことです。どうぞこの神仙爐も盥も食器も憎い憎い敵米英撃滅の魚雷としてお役に立てて下さい』と京城鐘路六の一〇三、片山玉恵さん（四四）は祖先伝来の真鍮製神仙爐一対をはじめ盥、食器など三十二点を長男光男君（二五）と女中に持参させ六日朝本社へ献納方を依頼した。【写真＝真鍮の山と光男さんと女中さん】

The metal collection campaign was escalated in March 1943. This March 28, 1943 Keijo Nippo news photo shows metal pots and tableware being loaded onto a cart driven by oxen.

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-03-28

 

This March 30, 1943 Keijo Nippo news photo shows more scenes of the metal collections. The upper right photo shows the collection at the Patriotic Women's Association on Hangang-daero in Yongsan-gu, Seoul.

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-03-30

Colonial police warned residents about police impersonators who detained passersby in the streets and stole cash and belongings, or flashed fake business cards to shoplift and dine for free; thefts and rapes were rampant in the complete darkness during wartime light dimming exercises (Seoul, 1943)

One bizarre thing that I noticed in this newspaper is the recurrence of stories about police impersonators who detain passersby in the streets and then steal their cash and belongings. These two public service announcements from February and December 1943, respectively, warn the public about them, but only the one from December has any real concrete advice for anyone who encounters them: call the nearest police station when someone is using police business cards to shoplift and dine for free, and ask to be accompanied to the police station when a fake policeman handcuffs you. If the fake policeman refuses to take you to the police station, then that is probably a tip-off that the policeman is not real.

Who were these police impersonators? I could think of three possibilities: They were (1) corrupt police officers; (2) common criminals; and/or (3) political activists who were raising funds for the overthrow of the colonial regime. It would be interesting to look into these possibilities further and see what the historical evidence says.

Other crimes that were mentioned are 'strong-arm robberies and obscene acts committed during wartime light dimming'. In wartime Imperial Japan, citizens practiced light dimming exercises during nighttime to make it more difficult for enemy warplanes to navigate, but all that darkness apparently made things easier for thieves and rapists.

By December 1943, the police were increasing reliant on Patriotic Groups (JP: aikoku-han, KR: aeguk-ban, 愛國班) for policing. They were neighborhood cells which functioned as the local arm of the Korean Federation of National Power (国民総力朝鮮連盟, 국민총력조선연맹). Every Korean living in Korea belonged to a Patriotic Group. It typically consisted of a few households, led by a Patriotic Group leader, who normally acted as a mini-tyrant micromanaging the lives of everyone within the Patriotic Group. That included things like rationing food and goods, enforcing mandatory State Shinto prayer times and shrine visits, ‘volunteering’ laborers upon the colonial regime’s request, arranging marriages, holding mandatory Japanese language classes, spying on each other, etc.

(Translation)

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) February 7, 1943

Fake Police Officers Feeding on "Darkness"

We are determined to exterminate them!

Interview with Police Chief Isozaki

Recently, there has been a relative increase in the number of malicious violations against strong economic controls which were put in place in response to the war. In addition, fake police officers have been taking advantage of this detestable trend by appearing frequently, exploiting the weaknesses of violators by imposing fines and confiscating money and illicit goods. The Police Department of the Governor-General's Office has decided to crack down on this situation by bringing down the iron hammer upon these unscrupulous criminals who are running rampant. On February 6th, an interview with Police Chief Isozaki was released, in which he vowed the firm determination of his police department.

The Governor-General's Office also made it clear that it would take this opportunity to take severe measures against unscrupulous criminals who dishonor the prestige of police officers by pretending to be police officers or their assistants and forcing people to give them priority in the distribution of hard-to-obtain goods.

Interview with Police Chief Isozaki

It is truly chilling to see that the number of economic crimes has been increasing day by day as a result of the recent tightening of economic controls, which has led to an ever-increasing police crackdown.

Police Chief Mr. Isozaki

However, the unscrupulous criminals skillfully targeted windows of opportunity amid these social trends of tightening regulations and increasing numbers of violations, taking advantage of them by playing various schemes. Various malicious cases have been frequently reported in which various vendors and offenders are exploited by taking advantage of their psychological vulnerabilities to extract preferential distribution of hard-to-obtain goods. The unscrupulous criminals pose as or openly misrepresent themselves as economic police officers or their assistants to seize money or illicit goods under the guise of collecting fines or confiscating illicit goods. As a result, the public often hears complaints about the arbitrariness and brutality of police officers, which is regrettable.

The police department sees such malicious crimes not only as crimes against the victims, but also as crimes that compromise the prestige of the police and disturb law enforcement. In addition to the various types of enforcement actions that are already in place, we will adopt a strict policy of severe punishment against fraudulent acts committed while posing as government officials, and we will make firm and thorough efforts to arrest and suppress such criminals.

In addition, the police themselves should prepare to deal with the secret activities of such criminals by taking measures to prove that they are real police officers whenever they engage in various types of enforcement activities in plain clothes. When using assistants, special guidance and supervision should be given. We hope that the public will fully understand these points and be vigilant not to be taken advantage of by unscrupulous criminals. In addition, if you are under any kind of enforcement action conducted by a person claiming to be a police officer or law enforcement official, please make sure to carefully confirm that the person on the other end is indeed a real police officer or a real law enforcement official. We sincerely hope that you will not be taken for a ride by these unscrupulous criminals.

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-02-07

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) December 10, 1943

Eradicating Crime in December

A message from Gyeonggi Provincial Police Chief Mr. Oka

In an effort to prevent the occurrence of crimes at the end of the year, including economic crimes committed due to the difficulty of obtaining all kinds of goods, and to make this year's holiday season a happy one, Gyeonggi Provincial Police Chief Oka issued the following message, requesting the cooperation of the general public:

Police Chief Mr. Oka

In mid-December every year, the police departments of Gyeonggi Province, with the cooperation of Patriotic Group members, have been making every effort to prevent crimes at the end of the year. This year is coming to an end amid this pathetically harsh war situation. It is deeply concerning that, as economic controls have been tightened, the difficulty in obtaining daily necessities has inevitably increased the public's appetite for goods. In conjunction with this, there has been an increasing trend in all kinds of malicious crimes. At the end of the year, when the purchasing power of the general public is strong, malicious crimes are usually committed in various fields. Economic criminals may commit crimes that disrupt economic controls on the home front, including some traders who are guilty of price gouging, profiteering, hoarding, and cheating in weights and measures. Consumers may also disrupt economic controls on the home front. There is no end to the number of consumers who are using their year-end bonuses and other unexpected income for panic buying and hoarding instead of cooperating in the implementation of national policies, such as saving and purchasing war bonds.

In addition, recent trends such as fraudulent acts to facilitate the purchase of such illicit goods, break-ins at night, thefts, and strong-arm robberies have been increasing as the year-end draws near. Recently, we have witnessed the emergence of malicious crimes such as so-called fake detectives who run rampant, physically searching the bodies of passersby and stealing their cash or threatening to commit fraud. This autumn, in this decisive battle, we are all pushing forward with the reinforcement of our military power on the home front. In order to exterminate such criminals who disturb the stability of the people's lives, we will launch an early enforcement action this year. In addition to our efforts to thoroughly investigate and arrest these unscrupulous criminals, those who dare to commit crimes, such as strong-arm robberies and obscene acts committed during wartime light dimming, will be punished with particularly severe penalties in accordance with the Law Concerning Special Provisions for the Punishment of Wartime Crimes.

Needless to say, it is extremely difficult to prevent all kinds of crimes, no matter how strictly the police officers alone exercise control and vigilance, and so we must rely on the righteous cooperation of all members of the Patriotic Groups. I sincerely hope that each household will be more devoted to the true meaning of wartime life, that you will exercise self-restraint and refrain from ugly behavior including panic buying and hoarding at the end of the year, and that you will fully practice the guidelines regarding home security that were announced for Patriotic Group members in December, so that you can live a clear and solid wartime life at the end of the year without any impurities and greet the third new year of the Greater East Asia War with hope shining in your hearts. [Photo: Police Chief Mr. Oka]

Cooperation in Crime Prevention is Desired

A message from Yongsan Police Chief Mr. Wakita

As the year draws to a close, crimes that disrupt the stability of life during wartime, such as burglary, snatching, breaking and entering, and illicit trafficking of wartime necessities, are on the rise. This December, the Yongsan Police Department is making every effort to ensure that all members of the department are perfectly prepared to prevent crime and ensure a pleasant end of the year. On December 9th, Yongsan Police Chief Mr. Wakita requested the cooperation of Seoul residents in actively self-policing and eradicating wartime crimes, as follows:

The end of the year usually sees a conspicuous increase in the movement of cash, and the psychologically vulnerable who are involved in it are taken advantage of by the unscrupulous criminals who are always on the lookout all year for a chance to make money. What attracts particular attention these days are their increasingly sophisticated methods. They use counterfeit business cards to impersonate detectives and then eat, drink, and enjoy entertainment without paying. They also swindle merchandise. Most serious of all, they use handcuffs to restrain passersby and seize money from them after physically searching them. Economic crimes are also on the rise, not only among open air street vendors, but also among those who have set up stores trafficking black market goods to take advantage of the increased demand for New Year's goods. I believe that burglaries and thefts can be largely prevented through vigilance on the part of Seoul residents. To avoid being victimized, I would like to ask you to take the following two points into consideration, especially at the end of the year:

Real detectives do not show their business cards and then shoplift, eat, drink, and enjoy entertainment without paying. If you see such a suspicious person in the future, immediately report him to the nearest police station. Similarly, if a criminal is wielding binding rope or handcuffs, it is essential that you always ask to be accompanied to the police station, and that you remain calm and timely in reporting the incident.

Next, as for the prevention of economic crimes, first of all, each of you must remember the hardships of the generals on the front lines and never purchase unnecessary goods to welcome the New Year. There are some who criticize black market prices, but who themselves are good at black-market buying. In general, if you are aware of black market prices, black market deliveries, or unauthorized distribution of goods, please feel free to report them to us without hesitation. The police will take a strictly punitive approach against these insolent people who are indifferent to the current war situation, and will work to stabilize the lives of Seoul residents.

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-12-10

(Transcription)

京城日報　1943年2月7日

”闇”を喰う偽警察官

断乎一掃に乗出す

磯崎警務課長談

戦争に対応する強力な経済統制を蹂躙。最近悪質の手段を弄した経済違反が比較的に増加。またこの憎むべき傾向を悪用して一方には偽警察官がしきりに出没し、違反者の弱点に乗じて罰金、没収などに名を藉り、金品や違反物件をまきあげるなどの不徳漢が横行しているので、総督府警務局では断乎これを一掃。鉄槌を下すことになり、六日磯崎警務課長談を発表。当局の断乎たる決意を表明した。

さらに総督府では、これを機に警察官或いは補助者の如く装って入手難物資の優先的配給を強要して警察官の威信を汚す不良徒輩に対しても厳罰主義を以て臨む旨を明かにした。

磯崎警務課長談

最近経済統制の強化により警察の取締はますます拡大強化せられ、これに伴い各種の経済事犯も日を逐うて増加の傾向にあることはまことに寒心に堪えない次第である。

然るにこのような取締の強化、違反の蔟出というが如き社会情勢の間隙を狙いつつあった不良徒輩は巧みにこれに便乗して種々なる奸計を弄し、取締を受ける各種業者や違反者の心理的弱点に乗じて経済取締の警察官、若しくはその補助者の如く装い、或いは公然とこれを詐称して入手難物資の優先的配給を受けたり、或いは違反者の弱点に乗じ罰金没収などに名を藉りて所持金や違反物件を奪取したりする各種の悪質事案が随所に頻発しつつある。そのため民衆より警察官の専恣、横暴の声を頻々と耳に致すのはまことに遺憾とするところである。

当局と致してはかかる悪質犯罪がただに被害者に対する侵害であるのみならず、これがため官の威信を失墜し取締の秩序を紊すこと極めて大なるものであるのに鑑み、今後各種の取締と併行し、これら官名詐称による不正行為に対しては厳罰主義を以て臨み断乎として検挙強圧の徹底を期する方針である。

また警察自身においてはかかる不良徒輩の暗躍に備えて、警察官が私服をもって各種取締に従事する場合は、必ず警察官たることを証明する措置を講ぜしめ、補助者などを使用する場合は、特に格別なる指導監督を加うる筈であるから、一般におかれてもこの点充分の理解を願うと共にかかる不良徒輩に乗ぜられることのなきよう自戒せらるるは勿論、万一警察官若しくは取締当局者と自称する者より、各種の取締を受くるが如き場合は、必ず相手方が真の警察官であり、取締当局者であることを慎重に確認せられ、不良徒輩に乗ぜられるが如きことのなきよう特に切望して已まぬ次第である。

京城日報　1943年12月10日

師走の犯罪撲滅へ

京畿道岡警察部長語る

年末における各犯罪の発生は勿論あらゆる物資の入手難による経済事犯の発生を未然に防止し、今年こそは明るい年末を送ろうと京畿道岡警察部長は次の如き談話を発表し、一般道民の協力を要望した。

例年十二月中旬より道内各警察署の総力を挙げ、愛国班員各位の御協力を得て歳末時の犯罪の予防警戒に努めて来たのでありますが、本年も亦凄愴苛烈な戦局の裡に年末を迎え、熟々世相を案じますに経済統制が強化徹底せらるるに伴い、生活必需物資の入手難は必然的に一般民衆の物欲を旺盛にし、之と結びつき各種の統済事犯益々増加の傾向に有りまするのみならず、年末に於いては一般購買力の旺盛なるに乗じ各方面に悪質事犯が敢行せらるるを常とし、先ず経済事犯としては一部業者の価格違反を初め暴利、売惜、規格量目の誤魔化し等銃後の経済統制を攪乱する犯罪発生の虞ある一面消費者側におきましても年末賞与等の不時の収入を貯蓄債券の消化等国策の遂行に協力せらるることなく物資の買占め、買い漁りに狂奔せる向も跡を断たないのであります。

又最近の傾向としては之等物資の購入斡旋に藉口する詐欺行為、夜間の忍び込み、窃盗乃至は強力事犯等歳末の切迫と共に益々増加し、尚最近所謂偽刑事が横行し、妄りに通行者の身体を検索して所持金を巻き上げ或いは詐欺脅迫する等の悪質犯罪の発生を見つつある状勢にありますが、この決戦下斉しく銃後の戦力増強に邁進しつつあります秋。之が基調をなす国民生活の安定を阻害する之等事犯の絶滅を期しまする為、本年は特に早目に取締警戒を開始し、之等不良徒輩の徹底的検挙に努むるは勿論灯火管制下に於ける強窃盗、猥褻等の事犯を敢行したる者は戦時犯罪処罰の特例に関する法令に依り特に厳罰を以て処断する方針であります。

申す迄もなく各種犯罪の予防は独り警察官のみが如何に取締乃至は警戒を厳重に致しましても到底其の万全を期することは至難でありまして、愛国班各位の道義に立脚した御協力に俟たなければならないのでありますから、各家庭におかれては此の際一層戦時生活の真義に徹せられ、お互いに自粛自戒して従来の歳末風景たる買占め、買い漁りの醜状の一掃に努めらるると共に十二月愛国班員の実践事項として示達されましたる家庭防犯に関する各事項を充分実践せられ、以て一点の穢れなき明朗堅実なる歳末の戦時生活を営みつつ希望に輝く大東亜戦争下第三回目の新春を迎えられんことを切望して已みません。【写真＝岡警察部長】

防犯へ協力望む

脇田龍山署長は語る

年の暮れをひかえて空き巣、掻っ払い、忍び込みをはじめ戦時必需品の不正売買など決戦生活の安定を紊す犯罪が激増の一途を辿る傾向にあり、龍山署ではこの師走にあたり全署員水も洩らさぬ防犯完璧の布陣に遺憾なきを期して年末の明朗化に努めているが、九日脇田龍山署長は歳末時防犯に関して次の如く府民の積極的自警と戦時犯罪根絶の協力を要望した。

『例年歳末期には現金の動きが目立って多くなり、これに携わる人達の心の緩みを狙って不逞徒輩が年中の稼ぎ時として鵜の目鷹の目で横行。最近では特に注意を惹くのは方法が巧妙化して居ることで、たとえば刑事肩書の名刺を偽造使用して無銭飲食遊興したり、商品を騙取したり、甚だしいのは捕縄手錠を使って通行人を束縛し、身体検査の上金銭を奪取する類である。経済事犯についても露店行商人のみならず店舗を構えながら正月用物資の需要増加につけ込んで闇の横行が増加の傾向にある。空き巣や窃盗の犯罪は府民各位の自警によって大部分予防出来ると思うから、特に年末に際しては次の二点に留意して、各自の被害を予防して戴きたい。

偽刑事の防止であるが、之は真の刑事は名刺を見せたりして無銭購買、遊興飲食はしない。若し今後こういう不審な者が居たら、見付け次第直ちに最寄りの派出所に届け出ることである。同じく捕縄や手錠を振り廻す者に対しては必ず派出所まで同行を要求し沈着を失わず届け出の時機を失わぬことが肝要だ。

次に経済事犯の防止については先ず各自が前線将兵の労苦を偲んで正月を迎えるために不必要な物資を絶対に購入しないことで、中には闇値を非難しながら自身が得意然と闇買いをする者を見受けるが、一般は闇値、闇搬入、不正配給等の事実を現認したら遠慮なくどしどし告発して戴きたい。警察はこれらの時局を弁えざる不埒者に対しては厳罰主義でのぞみ、府民生活の安定を期するものである』

Korean farming family weaving straw bags known as ‘gamani’ (가마니) in Korean or ‘kamasu’ in Japanese, traditionally used to transport manure, coal, salt, grain, etc. (Haeju, February 1943)

In this story, the reporters covered an impoverished farming family in Haeju (in present-day North Korea) which was using traditional techniques to make sturdy straw bags known as 'gamani' (가마니) in Korean or 'kamasu' in Japanese. They were traditionally made in the winter, and used to transport everything including manure, coal, salt, and grain. First, the straw is weaved into rope, and then the rope is used to weave the fabric that forms the bag. Nowadays, there are companies that make biodegradable bags out of jute or hemp instead.

Top photo: mother Ok-soon (33-years-old) and son Jun-seok (15-years-old) weaving straw bags. Bottom photo: sisters Bok-soon (8-years-old) and Nam-soon (6-years-old) weaving rope for the straw bags.

This farming family may have been compelled by colonial authorities to become propaganda props for the newspaper. This fits the pattern of this newspaper taking photos of Korean farmers in awkward poses. Here are some examples:

Korean farmers performing morning bow towards the rising sun and the Emperor before the Japanese flag. (Keijo Nippo, January 24, 1943)

Korean farmers at Yongdeungpo, which is now a part of Seoul. (Keijo Nippo, January 25, 1943)

Example of a gamani/kamasu bag.

(Translation)

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) February 13, 1943

Even the young sisters are rope weaving

The whole family is working feverishly

[Haeju Telephone Report] In wartime, when the expansion of production is strongly desired in all sectors, there is a touching, elegant story of a farming family in a remote village on our Korean peninsula, which is devoting itself to production and national defense through the hard work and sweat of the whole family.

Mr. Takashima Ju-byeon (주변, 柱變) (46-years-old) of Yibam-ri, Gosan-myeon, Byeokseong-gun (벽성군, 碧城郡), Hwanghae-do, has a family of six, including his wife, Ok-soon (억순, 億順) (33-years-old), his eldest son Jun-seok (준석, 俊石)(15-years-old), his eldest daughter Bok-soon (복순, 福順) (8-years-old), his second daughter Nam-soon (남순, 南順) (6-years-old), and an infant.

They are a poor farming family, but they make their living diligently by doing small farm work, and they are known in the neighborhood as a hard-working family. As the family entered the off-season in the winter, they decided that idleness and inactivity were the basis of laziness. Therefore, the entire family mobilized as a straw bag weaving team to work from early in the morning until late at night. Ju-byeon is the guerrilla unit which purchases the materials and supplies the products, Ok-soon and Jun-seok are the mother-and-son bag weaving team, and sisters Bok-soon and Nam-soon are the young school-aged rope-weaving team. They all sincerely work very hard. Nam-soon, who is only six, can reliably produce rope for one bag in one day. Bok-soon can easily produce rope for four or five bags in one day by herself. They are attracting admiration by displaying such dependable productivity.

Top photo: mother Ok-soon and son Jun-seok weaving straw bags. Bottom photo: young sisters Bok-soon and Nam-soon rope-weaving.

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-02-13

(Transcription)

京城日報　1943年2月13日

幼い姉妹も縄ない

一家挙って熱汗の勤労

【海州電話】決戦下、あらゆる部門に生拡が力強く切望されているとき、これはわが半島の僻村に一家挙って熱汗の勤労をもって涙ぐましい生産報国に精進する農家の佳話。

黄海道碧城郡高山面立岩里高島柱變さん（四六）は妻女億順さん（三三）、長男俊石（一五）、長女福順（八つ）、次女南順（六つ）のほか一人の乳児を合せて六人家族。

もともと貧農であるが孜々として小作をもって一家の生計をたて、『よく働く家だ』と近隣に評判されて来たが、この一家では冬の農閑期に入るや、不労無為は怠惰のもとであるとして、一家総動員叺織部隊となって早朝から夜更けまで製造に勤しんでいるが、その作業編隊は柱變さんが資材の購入、製品供出の遊撃隊、億順さんと俊石君の母子が叺織部隊、福順、南順姉妹の幼少部隊は叺織用の縄ないを引き受けてみんな真摯敢闘。わけても縄をなう僅か六つの南順さんが一日一枚分は確実、福順さんは一人前で一日四、五枚分を楽に仕上げるという頼母しい作業力を示して人々を感心させている。

【写真＝（上）叺を折る母億順さんと長男俊石君（下）縄をなう福順、南順さんの幼い姉妹】

In February 1943, a massive network of Imperial Way Training Institutes was launched in Korea to initially train 500,000 Korean ‘leaders’ in ‘character building’ based on the ‘pure Japanese spirit and worldview’, but not in Japan proper because of the ‘high national character’ of the Japanese people

In February 1943, Governor-General Koiso issued an executive order creating a vast nationwide network of 'Imperial Way Training Institutes' that would initially train over 500,000 Korean 'leaders' (about 2% of the Korea population at the time) in the 'pure Japanese spirit and Japanese worldview' for 'character building' and 'spiritual training'. Adopting the 'Japanese spirit' and 'Japanese worldview' would have not only meant adopting the Japanese language, culture, and national identity, but also converting to the State Shinto religion and submitting to the Japanese Emperor.

The second article features an interview with an exuberant Mr. Takeuchi, the colonial bureaucrat in charge of this vast network, who explained that mainland Japan did not need a similar program because the Japanese people already had a 'high national character', the implication being that the Korean people didn't.

Mr. Takeuchi, the Director of the Training Division in charge of the Imperial Way Training Institutes.

Mr. Takeuchi apparently drew some inspiration from a young farmers' boot camp run by the Imperial Army in northern Japan. He probably also got some ideas from the 'Yamato Cram Schools', which were founded in April 1941 to convert ideological criminals such as Korean independence activists. 

This vast campaign to dilute Korean ethnic and national identity and mold the Korean people into loyal Imperial Japanese subjects is arguably one of the most ambitious social experiments ever attempted in the world in the 20th Century.

The 'leaders' were trained in four different programs: an elite government leader program, a workplace-based program, a school-based program, and a rural-based program. These programs established the pattern of workplaces, schools, and rural villages 'volunteering' laborers to work for the colonial government in detachments as labor shortages became critical over the course of the war.

The elite program was attended by Koreans who were already fluent in Japanese, so they studied advanced Shinto philosophy and Classical Japanese literature, presumably so that they could read the ancient Shinto scriptures in the original Old Japanese. The general idea was that the graduates of these programs would eventually train others and then create a 'trickle-down' effect of converting all of Korean society from the top-down. I have previously posted articles showcasing at least one example from each program, with the exception of the elite program, but this article connects the dots by revealing that they were all part of one big network of 'Imperial Way Training Institutes'.

• Internment camps for young Korean schoolgirls
• Workplace training making employees run until they collapse from heat exhaustion
• Yuseong Farmers' training camp to train rural leaders

(Translation)

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) February 2, 1943

Spiritual Training Guidelines Established for the Groundbreaking Korean Peninsula (Effective March 1st)

"Imperial Way Training Institutes" to be established

Four different training programs to be implemented

The Governor-General's Office, in accordance with the aim of the New Year instructions given by Governor-General Koiso on January 4th at the opening ceremony of his administration, has instructed the leaders of the 24 million compatriots on the Korean peninsula, including government officials, executive staff at various private companies and organizations, male and female students attending junior high school and above, and young men with leadership potential, to thoroughly practice character building and spiritual training in accordance with the current decisive wartime system. These guidelines had been in the drafting stages for quite some time, but they were just recently finalized. On the first day of the month, the groundbreaking "Outline of Thorough Practice of Character Building and Spiritual Training" was announced along with Governor-General Koiso's message as follows.

According to the outline, the "Imperial Way Training Institutes," which will form the core of the various training institutes, will be newly established in Seoul to train leaders from all walks of life in the public and private sectors based on the pure Japanese spirit and Japanese worldview that the Governor-General has long advocated, enabling government officials and ordinary people from all of Korea to become leaders in providing character building and spiritual training. The training methods will be divided into four programs:

(1) Government leadership training program

(2) Workplace training program

(3) School training program

(4) Rural leadership training program

These programs are designed to train the mind and body to be strong and healthy enough to literally endure a bloody battle, by augmenting iron-like character building and spiritual training that are adapted to the trainees' academic level, age, and personal qualities. The "Imperial Way Training Institutes" will start this April.

As for the workplace training program and school training program, every Monday will be designated as a "Training Day" starting on March 1st, and the training will be conducted simultaneously all over Korea in accordance with prescribed training methods. In addition, this unprecedented training, which also deserves to be called 'battle training', will include not only government officials and leaders of private companies and organizations as targets for mobilization, but also about 195,000 members of the police, security, and railway patrol agencies in all of Korea, about 50,000 male and female students from junior high school and above, about 2,500 people undergoing training at various training institutes or re-education institutes for government officials, about 97,000 students at youth training centers, and about 110,000 youth at special youth training schools. Altogether, the total number of trainees will be well over 500,000.

The thoroughness of these training methods is a clear embodiment of one of the three major policies that Governor-General Koiso has long declared. At the same time, it is now the autumn of the year when our nation is risking life and death valiantly fighting on in the Greater East Asia War. This is truly a decisive kind of training that is immediately adapted to the current decisive wartime system.

Outline for the thorough implementation of character building and spiritual training

(1) The Imperial Way Training Institutes are to be newly established by the Governor-General of Korea by this April, and the affairs related thereto shall be placed under the jurisdiction of the Training Division of the Scholastic Affairs Bureau. The Imperial Way Training Institutes shall clarify the Japanese spirit and the Japanese worldview, directly train leaders, and lead the character building and spiritual training of government officials and ordinary people in general.

(2) The training is divided into the following four training programs, and they will be implemented starting on March 1st.

1: Government leadership training program: includes government officials, private executives, and those who deserve to become executive staff in both the central and outlying areas of the country

2: Workplace training program: includes the groups which are specified elsewhere in other paragraphs.

3: School training program: includes those undergoing training at schools and school-like institutions as specified elsewhere in other paragraphs.

4: Rural leadership training program: includes leaders from rural areas.

(3) The following are the main features of each training program

A: Government leadership training program (a) Location = the dōjō attached to the Imperial Training Institute (an alternative dōjō can be arbitrarily chosen until the Imperial Training Institute is newly built) (b) Training period = an average of two weeks per term, and depending on the trainees, it may be as short as one week or as long as one month (c) Training method = The trainees are required to stay under strict discipline. Taking into account the trainees and the length of their training period, they are required to take classes on the National Body, Classical Japanese literature, and the Japanese worldview as appropriate. They are also required to perform Seiza, Misogi, as well as martial arts training, calisthenics, and manual labor. (d) The actual cost of the meals provided at the executive leadership training dōjōs shall be deducted from the trainees' travel allowances.

B. Workplace training program: (a) Training days shall be scheduled every Monday throughout the year for all of Korea. However, if the training day falls on a holiday, or if training cannot be due to rain or other circumstances, then the training shall be postponed (b) Training shall be held 30 minutes to 1.5 hours before the start of work for government offices, public organizations, companies, banks, and various trade union offices. The training start time for factories, mines, and labor sites shall be set at an appropriate time as determined by their respective leaders. The following activities shall be performed: (1) National Worship Ritual (2) Calisthenic exercises and drills. Depending on the occasion, these may be replaced with character building talks, manual labor, and other activities. Girls shall be allowed to participate in the above events by performing the girls' ritual and learning how to use the Naginata sword. The police, security, and railway patrol agencies shall assemble on training day as much as possible, and generally perform the same activities.

C. School training program: In schools (including girls' schools), the appropriate time and day shall be set and activities shall be conducted in the same manner as in the workplace training program. However, the character building talks and the labor tasks, which are the mainstay for the training of government officials, shall be adapted in accordance with the age of the trainees. The activities performed on training day may derive from the workplace training program or the government leadership training program, and the training shall always be conducted in accordance with the trainees' personal qualities.

D. Rural leadership training program: At the training dōjōs in the rural areas, training shall be conducted in accordance with the government leadership training program.

The following shall receive training in accordance with the workplace training program:

(A) Employees at the following government agencies and public organizations: (1) Governor-General's Office (including quasi-governmental agencies), provincial governments, prefectural governments, county governments, island governments, police stations, eup offices, etc. (2) Provincial telecommunications agencies, savings management offices, main post offices, etc. (3) Provincial railway agencies, railroad offices, main rail stations, track maintenance districts, railway management districts, factories, etc. (4) Provincial monopoly agencies, main monopoly agency branches, factories, etc. (5) Customs Bureau and main customs branches, etc. (6) Tax supervision bureaus and taxation offices, etc. (7) Courts, prosecutors' offices, court branch offices, prosecutors' sub-offices, probation offices, prisons, etc. (8) Forestry offices (9) Branch offices of government agencies, inspection stations, and examination centers, etc. (10) Hospitals attached to provincial medical schools, etc. (11) Other government agencies and public organizations that are required to conduct spiritual training

(2) Police, security forces, and members of the railway patrol agencies: approximately 195,000 people

(3) Employees of major companies, banks, various trade unions, factories, mines, and other workplaces, etc. (Workers should also be spiritually trained as much as possible in a manner that is in accordance with their occupation)

The following shall receive training in accordance with the school training program:

(1) Students from junior high school and above: about 50,000 students

(2) Those undergoing training at the various training institutions for government officials, etc., as listed in the attached table, or those undergoing re-education as government officials: about 2,500 persons

(3) Students at youth training centers: about 97,000

(4) Students at special youth training centers: about 110,000

(5) Those who are enrolled at various training institutes such as farmers' training institutes, etc.

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-02-02

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) February 3, 1943

Training days are every Monday

The Establishment of the Imperial Training Institutes as explained by Mr. Takeuchi, Director of the Training Division of the Scholastic Affairs Bureau

At the opening ceremony of Governor-General Koiso's administration in the very beginning of 1943, when 24 million people on the Korean peninsula had risen up with iron determination, Governor-General Koiso raised up the three major principles of "thorough practice of character-building and training, decisive increase in production capacity, and epoch-making reform of general administration". He requested strong executive power under the banner, "Practice is better than theory!" Not long after the New Year, he announced the "Outline of Thorough Practice of Character Building and Spiritual Training". After a one-month preparation period, it will be to be put into practice as early as March 1 with great pomp.

The Imperial Way Training Institutes, the most organized government-run training dōjōs in Korea, are to be established ahead of other training dōjōs in mainland Japan, because iron-solid mental strength and power of execution should be the main road to complete victory in this decisive war. They are intended to give the people of the Korean peninsula (government officials, ordinary people, and students alike) the mental strength and power of execution made of indestructible diamond to fight through the Holy War of the Century. Mr. Takeuchi is busy right now with various preparations for the training programs, but let's listen to him talk about training the Korean peninsula.

Mr. Takeuchi, Director of the Training Division of the Scholastic Affairs Bureau

There are already dōjōs and training centers for various occupational groups throughout the country, but Korea will probably be the first country to have government-run dōjōs in every region of the country. It is said that the various programs of the Imperial Way Training Institutes were added by Director-General Eguchi after consulting with the Governor-General. Although spiritual training should naturally be conducted in mainland Japan as well, it is harder to organize from a geographical standpoint, and the Japanese people have a high national character. That is probably why we don't adopt such large-scale training programs in mainland Japan.

Training can be roughly divided into three main programs: the training of leaders, the training at workplaces, and the training at schools. The term 'rural leaders' refers to section chiefs, county governors, police stations, directors of financial institutions, school principals, etc. in each province. Training will begin at the same time in each area of the country and will continue nonstop throughout the year for many years. Those students who have been trained at the schools will graduate and undergo training in their respective occupational fields, and then become local leaders and undergo training at the Imperial Way Training Institutes.

The details have not yet been announced, but starting in March, every Monday will be designated as a training day, and there is really nothing difficult about it. All you have to do is to come to work an hour or 30 minutes early on that day, do some calisthenic training, physical exercises, listen to a character building talk, and do some manual labor. Not all of them are required to enter a dōjō to perform Misogi. There seems to be a misunderstanding on this point.

There are many people who are suspicious of entering a training dōjō. Everyone nowadays knows the gravity of the times. They know that they have to work hard. However, if you enter a training dōjō and continue a rigorous mental regimen for even one week, you will achieve an iron determination. Then you will feel the pleasure of putting things into practice without complaint. You will be inspired. That might be all there is to it. The other day, I visited the Rokuhara Farmers dōjō (Iwate prefecture, Japan), which strictly enforced the National Worship Ritual, the raising of the national flag, and proper eating habits, but the rest was just field work. However, when I saw those who were doing the work, I found that they had an incorruptible mentality. I believe that this spiritual life makes the can-do attitude penetrate strongly and deeply into one's heart and soul.

Source: https://www.archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-02-03

(Transcription)

京城日報　1943年2月2日

画期的半島の錬成要項成る　三月一日開始

『皇道修練院』を設置

四錬成型に分類実施

総督府では去月四日小磯総督が本府の御用始式においてなしたる初訓示の趣旨に則り、現下の決戦体制に即応して、全鮮の官公吏を初め、あらゆる民間会社、各種団体等の職員幹部、男女中等学校以上の学生、生徒など半島二千四百万同胞の指導者並びに中堅たるべき青壮年層に対し修養錬成の徹底的実践をなすべく、過般来立案中のところ、このほど具体案を決定。一日これに関する小磯総督談話と共に画期的な『修養錬成の徹底的実践要綱』を次の如く発表した。

要綱によれば各種錬成機関の中心たる『皇道修練院』を京城府に新たに開設して総督がかねて高唱する醇乎たる日本精神及び日本的世界観の透徹を基調として官民各界指導者の錬成を行い、かつ全鮮官民全般にわたる修養錬成を指導せしむると同時に他方錬成方法を

（一）指導者錬成

（二）職域錬成

（三）学校等の錬成

（四）地方指導者の錬成

なる四つの錬成型に分ち、被錬成者の学識、年齢、素質等に応じて鉄の如き修養錬成を加え、以って文字通り血の決戦にも堪え得る強健なる心身を鍛え上げんとするもので、『皇道修練院』は来る四月より開始。

職域錬成及び学校等の錬成については三月一日より毎週月曜日を『錬成日』と定め、所定の錬成方法に基づいて全鮮一斉に実施することとなっている。なお対戦錬成ととも云うべきこの未曾有の錬成に動員さるべき対象は官公吏、民間会社団体指導者などの外、全鮮の警防団員、鉄道愛護団員約十九万五千人、中等学校以上の男女学生、生徒約五万人、各種官公吏養成機関又は官吏再教機関に於いて修業中の者約二千五百人、青年訓練所生徒約九万七千人、青年特別錬成所生約十一万人等を加うれば、優に五十万人を超ゆべく其の規模。

其の錬成の徹底的方式に於いて小磯総督がかねて宣明せる三大施策の一を端的に具現せるものであり、それと同時に我国が生死存亡を賭して今や雄渾なる大東亜戦を戦い抜きつつある秋。正に半島の決戦体制に即応する決戦的錬成というべきである。

修養錬成の徹底的実践要綱

（一）朝鮮総督府に皇道修練院を新設（四月）し、之に関する事務を学務局錬成課の所管とす。皇道修練院は日本精神及び日本的世界観を究明し、直接指導者の錬成を行うと共に官民全般に亘る修養錬成を指導す。

（二）錬成を左の四に区分し、三月一日より之を実施す。

１：指導者錬成　中央及び地方を通じ官公吏及び民間の幹部並びに幹部たるべき者を対象とす。

２：職域錬成　別項の如き集団を対象とす。

３：学校等の錬成　別項の如き学校及び学校類似の機関に於いて修業中の者を対象とす。

４：地方指導者錬成　地方の指導者を対象とす。

（三）錬成の実施要目左の如し

１：指導者錬成　（イ）錬成の場所＝皇道修練院付設道場（皇道修練院新設迄は適宜選定の道場）　（ロ）錬成期間＝一期平均二週間とし被錬成者に依り一週間乃至一月間に於いて適宜之を定むるものとす　（ハ）錬成の方法＝厳格なる規律の下に起居せしめ被錬成者と錬成期間の長短を考慮し適宜国体学、古典、日本的世界観等を講習せしむると共に静座、『みそぎ』等の行い及び武道教練、体操、勤労作業を併課す　（二）経営、指導者錬成道場に於ける食費等は被錬成者の旅費手当中より実費を負担せしむ。

２：職域錬成　（イ）錬成日の設定全鮮を通じ毎週月曜日を錬成日と定む。但し当日休日なるとき又は雨天等の為め予定の行事を実施難きときは順延とす　（ロ）錬成の日の行事、官公署、公共団体、会社、銀行、各種組合事務所等に在りては出勤定刻前三十分乃至一時間半、工場、鉱山、事業場等に在りては指導者の定むる適宜の時限及び時分に於いて厳格なる規律の下に概ね次の行事を行う：（一）国民儀礼　（二）体操及び教練、時宜に依り訓話、勤労作業其の他の行事を以て之に代う。右の行事には女子を参加せしめ女子儀礼及び薙刀の習得等を以て男子の教練に代うことを得、警防団、鉄道愛護国は能う限り之を錬成日に召集し概ね同一の行事を行うものとす。

３：学校等の錬成　学校（女子を含む）に在りては職域錬成に関し定めたる錬成日に於いて適宜の時限及び時分を定め職域錬成に準じ行事を行うものとす。但し訓話又は勤労作業を主とすべし官吏等の養成機関及び之に準ずるものに在りては修業者の年齢に応じ、錬成日に於ける行事を前項学校等の錬成又は職域錬成方法に拠らしむるの外、指導者錬成に於ける『錬成の方法』を参酌し被錬成者の素質に応じ常時之に適応したる錬成を行うものとす。

４：地方指導者　地方錬成道場に於いて１の指導者錬成に準じ之を行う。

職域錬成を受くべき者

一、左の如き官公署及び公共団体の職員　（一）総督府（含外局）、道庁、府郡島庁、警察署、邑事務所等　（二）地方逓信局、貯金管理所、主なる郵便局等　（三）地方鉄道局、鉄道事務所、主なる駅、保線区、機関区及び工場等　（四）地方専売局、主なる専売局出張所及び工場等　（五）税関及び主なる税関出張所等　（六）税務監督局及び税務署等　（七）法院、検事局、法院支庁、検事分局、保護観察所及び刑務所等　（八）営林署　（九）官庁各種出張所、検査所及び試験場等　（十）道立医院学校附属病院等　（十一）其の他錬成を行うことを要する認むる官公署、公共団体等

二、警防団員、鉄道愛護団員、約十九万五千人

三、主なる会社、銀行、各種組合、工場、鉱山、及び事業場等の職員（労務者に対しても成るべく職員に準じ錬成を行うこと）

学校等の錬成を受くべき者

一、中等学校以上の学生、生徒、約五万人

二、別表の如き各種の官吏等の養成機関又は官吏再教育機関に於いて修業中の者、約二千五百人

三、青年訓練所生徒約九万七千人

四、青年特別錬成所生約十一万人

五、農民訓練所等各種訓練所に入所中の者

京城日報　1943年2月3日

錬成日は毎週月曜

皇道修練院の設置　竹内錬成課長談

半島二千四百万が鉄の決意をもって起ち上った十八年初頭の御用始式において小磯総督は『修養錬成の徹底的実践』、生産力の拡充、庶政執務の刷新の三大綱領を掲げ、”理念より実践へ”の旗幟も高らかに逞しい実行力を要望したが、新年度を待たずしてまず”修養錬成の徹底的実践要綱”を発表。一ヶ月の準備期間を置いて三月一日から早くも歩武堂々と実践に移すこととなった。

鉄石の精神力と実行力こそ決戦完勝への大道であらねばならない、と内地に先んじて最も組織的な官営修練道場『皇道修練院』を設置。半島官民学徒を問わず、この世紀の聖戦を戦い抜く金剛不壊の精神力、実践力を与えようとするものだが、錬成方法の諸準備に忙しい竹内錬成課長に半島を錬成する弁を聞いてみよう。

語る竹内錬成課長

各職域別による道場とか錬成所などは全国至る所にあるが全地域的な官営の道場を持つのは凡らく朝鮮が始めてだろう。皇道修練院の各種は江口総務局長が総督に相談されて付けたと聞いている。内地でも当然錬成を行なうべきだが、地域上からみてまとまりが悪いのと民度の高さからいってこうした大規模な錬成方法を採らないのであろう。

錬成は大体指導者錬成、職域錬成、学校等の錬成に三大別出来る。ここでいう地方指導者とは各道の課長級、郡守、署所、金組理事、学校長などを称する。錬成は各地とも一斉に開始し、年中無休で今後幾年でもやってゆく。早い話が学校で錬成された者は卒業して職域別の錬成を受け、更に地方指導者となって皇道修練院で錬成を受けるわけだ。

まだ実施細目を発表していないが、三月からは毎週月曜日を錬成日と定めて実践するが、別段難しいことはない。その日は一時間か三十分早目に出勤して教練とか体操とか時には訓話を聞くとか勤労作業を行うとかでよいわけだ。全部が全部道場に入って『みそぎ』を行うものだとは限らない。この点どうも誤解があるようだ。

錬成道場に入ることを不審がる人がよくある。今時の人なら誰しも時局の重大さを知っている。頑張らねばならぬことも知っている。然し錬成道場に入って厳しい精神生活を仮令一週間でも続ければ鉄の決意が出来る。それから文句なしに実践することの快味を覚える。発奮して来る。要するにそれだけかも知れない。過日、六原農民道場を観たが国民儀礼国旗掲揚、食事作法を厳重にして、その他は野良仕事だけだった。然しやっている人を見ると実に冒し難い精神力を持っているのだ。この精神生活によって”やらねばならぬ””実行だ”ということが強く深く心魂に徹するのだと信ずる。