Thursday, May 19, 2022

Amid severe wartime food shortages in 1943, propaganda article notes that Korean laborers are not coming to work in the cities due to hunger, but suggests hunger can be a productivity booster if workers get used to it, and full stomachs are not necessary for proper nutrition

 


(Translation)

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo) July 26, 1943

Discussing Wartime Nutritional Foods

Roundtable discussion hosted by the head office of the newspaper

Full stomachs and proper nutrition are separate things

Alaska pollock in Korea is world-class

Ms. Aiko Sue: Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum and other vegetables have a non-habitual taste when made into a paste. Stems of sweet potato also go well with miso sauce.

Mr. Kawaguchi: Once you plant Jerusalem artichoke, you grow so much that you cannot pick them all, and I am thinking of growing it in places like the hwajeon (traditional slash-and-burn farm fields) in Korea. Nowadays there is no glucose to make injectable solution, so this is used to make injectable solution instead.

Keijo Nippo Reporter: Ms. Ihara, what kinds of wild plants do the people of Korea eat?

Ms. Ihara: I don't remember the names of all of them, but in Korea, it is said that as long as they are eaten before the Iris Festival on May 5, they are not poisonous. However, it is uneconomical for city people to go to the countryside every time to pick wild plants, so you can use pumpkin leaves, bean leaves, sesame leaves, etc., which you have been growing in your small one-tsubo (3.3 square meters) garden plots. A sesame paste of tomato leaves would be a good idea.

Mr. Nishihara: It would be interesting to use not only grass leaves but also leaves of trees, such as leaves of Aralia elata and Acacia trees, in powder form.

Mr. Takagi: There are seven hundred and eight kinds of edible grasses, half of which are actually eaten by the people of Korea. Also, the roots have starch, which is also of nutritional value.

Dr. Hirokawa: We must always be careful in our eating habits, because it is a very dangerous idea to think that a full stomach is enough.

Ms. Mina Inoue: It seems that nowadays, people are trying to find ways to increase the amount of rice imported from outside of Japan. In other words, it seems that increasing the amount of rice is interpreted as meaning that more nutrients can be obtained, but I don't think we can rest easy just because the children's stomachs are full due to the increased weight of the rice that they eat. I think we should show in concrete terms that, if they eat certain kinds of food, they will be well nourished even if they are hungry.

Dr. Hirokawa: That is why we should educate people that the situation now does not amount to a famine.

Mr. Kawaguchi: As a matter of fact, free laborers are not coming to the cities these days because they are hungry.

Dr. Hirokawa: According to an experiment conducted in Kitakyushu, the lack of sufficient food caused a temporary drop in work efficiency, but once the workers became used to the lack of sufficient food, their work performance became much better than before, and no one fell asleep or yawned during work.

Ms. Mina Inoue: I think we should clearly show them the results of such experiments. Then the leaders can make strong policy decisions and the general public will be reassured.

Dr. Hirokawa: The prevailing concept that has been around for thousands of years has been that, if you are hungry, you cannot work.

Mr. Kawaguchi: As a matter of fact, children definitely need snacks. Recently, I have been thinking that it would be better to make some myself. Plant sunflower seeds in a small one-tsubo garden. If you can produce ten stalks of sunflowers, you can get about 2 shō (about 3.6 liters) of sunflower seeds. I think it would be better if we roast the sunflower seeds or pumpkin seeds and let the children eat them, instead of leaving them as food for the Chinese. It is impossible not to let the children eat snacks between meals.

Ms. Mina Inoue: There are many vegetables available today, and I would like you to show them not only dried vegetable techniques but also various storage methods in newspapers and other media.

Ms. Fusa Ihara: Dried vegetables are very necessary. But I think now is not the right time. The best time is in the fall. If you carelessly do it now, they will rot and get moldy.

Keijo Nippo Reporter: What kinds of vegetables should be dried?

Ms. Mina Inoue: Spinach, radish, pumpkin, etc. In China, cucumber is also dried.

Mr. Kawaguchi: Pumpkins from Korea would be good to dry out.

Dr. Hirokawa: Bottle gourds are also good to dry out.

Mr. Kawaguchi: Japanese people have been blessed with ample food supplies for a long time, so they have not had to think about such things.

Mr. Nishihara: I think it is important to dry and store vegetables in terms of vitamins. Last year, I examined the vitamin levels of the children at elementary schools, and found that there was an enormous difference in the vitamin deficiency levels between the children in Japan proper and those in Korea. The Korean children had no vitamin C deficiency, whereas the Japanese children had vitamin C deficiency especially in the winter, when there were no vegetables to eat. I think this is because Koreans eat a lot of pickled vegetables even in the winter.

Keijo Nippo Reporter: How are the vitamins when the vegetables are dried out?

Mr. Nishihara: The amount of the vitamins is reduced by half, but it is still better than not taking them at all.

Keijo Nippo Reporter: Speaking of edible animals, other than fish, are there any other novel things that can be dried?

Mr. Takagi: Bee larva is a good example. If you boil them, steam them, dry them in the sun, and add salt, they will always last.

Keijo Nippo Reporter: How about silkworm pupa?

Mr. Takagi: Silkworm pupa have wonderful uses. They are used in a variety of products, including soy sauce, which has amino acids, and Aji-No-Moto. They are really popular. Silkworm pupa are easily cooked in oil and eaten. They have 40 to 50 percent fat content.

Mr. Kawaguchi: If the fish is bad, it is better to dry it. With dried fish, there is no need to worry. According to the results done by Mr. Nishihara, dried Alaska pollock has very good protein.

Mr. Takagi: There is a tendency to consider it to be inferior because of its low price.

Dr. Hirokawa: Dried Alaska pollock is a food that Korea should be proud of showing off to the world.

Mr. Kawaguchi: Recently, it has come to be used in households in Japan proper as well.

Dr. Hirokawa: Alaska pollock has a double advantage in that it can be frozen and then dried.

Panelists:

  • Mr. Abe, Director of the Seoul Public Health Division
  • Mr. Izumi, Professor of Seoul Imperial University
  • Mr. Kawaguchi, Secretary General of the Korean Welfare Association
  • Mr. Takagi, Engineer, Seoul Forestry Experiment Station
  • Mr. Nishihara, Engineer, Seoul Public Health Laboratory
  • Mr. Hirokawa, Professor, Seoul Medical College
  • Ms. Mina Inoue
  • Ms. Kei Ihara
  • Ms. Fusa Ueda
  • Ms. Aiko Su'e

(in Japanese kana order)

Keijo Nippo Head Office

  • Aki [illegible] Editorial Director
  • [illegible] Director of Social Affairs Department

(Transcription)

京城日報 1943年7月26日
戦時栄養食を語る
本社主催座談会
腹一杯と栄養は別
世界に誇る半島明太

須江氏:アカザなど、あえものに致しますと癖のない味をもっています。薩摩芋の茎も味噌のおつゆにはとてもよくうつります。
川口氏:菊芋など一回植えたら取っても取っても取り尽くせないもので、私はこれを朝鮮の火田というようなところで栽培したらどうかと思っています。いまは葡萄糖の注射液がないので、これでもって注射液が作られています。
本社側:伊原さん、朝鮮の人々はどんな野草を食べていますか。
伊原氏:その一々全部の名前は覚えていませんが、朝鮮では五月端午の節句以前の草ならば、なにを食べても毒にはならんといわれています。しかし、都会の人が一々田舎に摘草に出掛けるということは時間的にみて不経済なことですから、一坪園芸でおやりになっている南瓜の葉、豆の葉、胡麻の葉など御利用になれば結構と思います。トマトの葉の胡麻あえなどよいと思います。
西原氏:草の葉ばかりでなく木の葉、つまり山樬、あかしやの葉などを粉末にして利用することも面白いのです。
高木氏:食べられる草は七百八種類ありますが、そのうち半分を朝鮮の人は現に食べています。また根には澱粉があるので、これまた栄養価値のあるものですよ。
広川氏:我々はその食生活に於いて常に注意しなくてはならないことは、満腹したからそれでよいということは非常に危険な考え方だということです。
井上氏:いまは外米を如何にして増やすかということに腐心しているようです。いいかえますれば量を増やせば栄養も摂れるというように解釈されているようにみえますが、重が多くなって子供のお腹が一杯になったからといって決して安心は出来ないものと思います。こういうものを食べればお腹は空いても栄養は摂れているのだということをもった具体的に示していただきたいと思います。
広川氏:だから飢饉襲るるに足らずという教育をして行うべきです。
川口氏:実際問題として自由労働者など、このごろお腹がへって街に来ないというのですが―
広川氏:北九州でやった実験によると食物が不充分のため一時は能率が低下したが馴れたら却って今までよりずっとよくなり、途中で居眠りしたり欠伸をするような者もなくなったそうです。
井上氏:そういう実験の結果などをはっきりと示して貰いたいと思います。そうすれば指導者の方でも力強い方針を決めることが出来るし、一般も安心します。
広川氏:腹がへったら仕事が出来ぬというのは、何千年来の観念ですからね。
川口氏:実際問題として子供にお菓子はどうしても必要です。私は最近考えますには自分で造る方がいいと思う。向日葵の種を一坪園芸に植える。十本も出来れば二升位は取れる。それを炒って食べさせる又南瓜の種なども支那人の食べ物にしておかないで食べさせれば、いいと思う。間食させないということは到底出来ないことですから。
井上氏:今野菜が沢山出ていますが、乾燥野菜だけでなしに色々貯蔵方法を新聞などでお示し願いたいと思います。
伊原氏:乾燥野菜は非常に必要です。でも今は時期が悪いと思います。一番いいのは秋です。今はうっかりすると腐るし、黴がつきます。
本社側:どんなものを乾燥野菜にすればよいのですか。
井上氏:ホーレン草、大根、南瓜などです。支那では胡瓜も乾燥させます。
川口氏:朝鮮の南瓜でも乾燥して使うといいと思います。
広川氏:夕顔などもよろしいですね。
川口氏:日本人は昔から食物に恵まれているので、そういうことを考えていなかったのですね。
西原氏:野菜を乾燥して貯蔵することはビタミンの点からも大事だと思います。私は去年国民学校の子供について二、三ビタミンの状態を調べて見たが、内地側と半島側の子供の間にはビタミン不足状態の差は甚だしい。半島側の方はビタミンCの不足がないが、内地人側にあっては不足時季が恰度野菜のない冬でしたが、朝鮮では冬も漬物をどしどし食べるからそうした関係からだと思います。
本社側:乾燥さすとビタミンの状態は如何ですか。
西原氏:半分位にビタミンの価値は減じますが、それでもとらないよりよいのです。
本社側:動物の方面で、お魚以外に乾燥させる新しいものは―
高木氏:蜂の子などよろしいね。一ぺん煮て蒸してそれを日に干して食塩を入れておくといつもでも持ちます。
本社側:繭の蛹なんかどうですか。
高木氏:繭の蛹の用途は素晴らしいものです。アミノ酸の醤油、味の素をはじめ随分色々の方面に使われています。引っ張り凧ですよ。それから繭の蛹は簡単に油で、いためて食べています。脂肪分など四、五十パーセントありますよ。
川口氏:魚は悪いものは乾燥した方がいい。干物では心配ありません。西原さんのやった成績では明太魚の干物は非常に優れた蛋白があるのです。
高木氏:値段が安いので下等なものと考える傾向がありますね。
広川氏:乾燥明太魚は朝鮮が世界に誇るべき食物ですよ。
川口氏:近頃内地の家庭でも用いるようになりました。
広川氏:明太魚は冷凍してから乾燥しているところに二重のよさがあります。

語る人:
阿部 本府衛生課長
和泉 京城帝大教授
川口 朝鮮厚生協会幹事長
高木 本府林業試験所技師
西原 本府衛生試験所技手
広川 京城医専教授
井上ミナ 女史
伊原 圭 女史
上田フサ 女史
須江愛子 女史
(アイウエオ順)

本社側
秋 ? 編輯局長
?   社会部長

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