Friday, December 24, 2021

1943 Imperial Japanese editorial declares liberalism collapsed and liberal civilization as incapable of maintaining peace and order, and attacks the "analytical spirit of modernity", "extreme analysis", "abuse of the intellect", and "divisive individualism" while praising fascism and Nazism for building holistic, organic communal societies

 


The True Meaning of National Identity and the Righteous Peninsula (5)

By Kamata Sawaichiro

The Rise of Internal Cohesionism

Replacing Analytical Spiritualism

The West has brought about an unprecedented revolution in the realm of natural science and technology in human society, shortened distances in space and time throughout the world, and given the world the consciousness that the earth is a unified organism. In this respect, we praise the great achievements of modern Western civilization. The ideas of liberalism and individualism that formed the basis of modern Western civilization dominated society throughout the 19th century and created a history of spectacular progress.

It was the most glorious, most revered, and most progressive era in the history of human civilization to date.

On the other hand, it also contained great invisible weaknesses and shortcomings. In other words, modern civilization has neglected the deep spiritual problems of human existence. It has ignored the fact that there is a kingdom of the spirit outside the realm of natural matter. People thought they were free when they were freed from the laws of God and all the restrictive order of society. This is where the idea of modern freedom, the ferment of individualism, arose.

Thus, liberalism, which emerged as a reaction to medieval civilization, broke through the darkness of that time and made us discover "human beings" in the modern sense, which was thought to be the eternal truth of humanity. When individualism and materialism were taken to the extreme, the point of self-intoxication was reached, and what we now see before us is a state of anarchy in the sphere of life.

The result of subjectivism, rationalism, and positivism is skepticism, materialism, and competition for survival; the result of the Reformation is the loss of tradition and authority, and the anarchy of faith to which the spirit has no return; the result of contract theory and utilitarianism is the tendency toward anarchy in politics; and the result of the economic principle of laissez-faire is economic anarchy, which is the root of modern social unrest.

In short, it then became clear that liberal civilization was incapable of maintaining peace and order in the community of mankind. The mutual interpersonal relationships of trust, and the internal and international relations between ethnic groups had begun to show phenomena full of contradictions as though they were losing their foundations. Then the First Great European War broke out. The general tendency of division, confrontation, struggle, and lack of control was further promoted, and pessimistic criticism of the nature of Western civilization itself became widespread. Oswald Spengler's "The Decline of the West" became a worldwide topic of conversation, as the pessimistic criticism grew by leaps and bounds and was further validated in the Second World War.

At this point, the world turned around and became convinced that there was a spiritual kingdom outside the realm of nature, and that it was time to rise above the extreme analysis, utilitarianism, and vulgarization that were caused by the abuse of the intellect.

There were efforts to rebuild the world by excluding the analytical spirit of modernity, which sees the tree and not the forest; by confirming that there is a rich, holistic, and concrete emotional state, including feelings and motivations, outside of the intellect; and by seeing the whole as an internal cohesion of people.

The rise of fascism in Italy is the first manifestation of this. Fascism was not a reorganization of capitalism as Marx theorists claimed, nor was it merely a conservative reaction to the Russian Revolution. The Italian word "fascio" means "union". In other words, it is a matter of tensing up and bringing under control those things that have been relaxed and divided up to now.

Therefore, fascism, or unificationism, firstly overcomes capitalism, which is based on divisive individualism, and also overcomes communism, which divides society into only two classes (bourgeois and proletarian) and establishes the dictatorship of the proletariat only through class struggle. Fascism builds a communal society which is holistically organic in a novel way. The principle of fascism is clearly a totalitarian philosophical idea.

Mussolini said, "Fascism is not something to be exported. It is a typical Italian phenomenon, but some of its theories are universal, because many countries are suffering from the corruption of their liberal and democratic institutions."

As he said, the fascist movement was unique to Italy, and it emerged in the unique environment of Italy after the European War. Therefore, fascism was not born as an internationally unified theory. However, similar social trends and movements emerged, one after the other, in many countries around the world, thereby opening opportunities.

Although each of these movements and theories is unique in appearance, they are essentially driven by a common tendency, which is why the movements and theories cannot be limited to Italy.

Next came the rise of the Nazis. In 1919, the German National Socialist Workers' Party made its first appearance in Munich and continued to make rapid progress unparalleled in the history of the world, which is continuing to the present-day. However, almost all the scholars, thinkers and critics in Japan adopted the liberal worldview and looked at this movement with a blank eye, and have even described it as a "violent movement with no ideological content".

However, if we look at the spiritual basis of the Nazi movement today, we can see that it emphasizes the ethnic group over the individual, regards the life of the ethnic group as absolute, and establishes a new worldview of ethnic totalitarianism in contrast to the conventional individualistic worldview.

There are many causes for the rise of the Nazis. One of the most important causes was the social situation after the European War. Through the ordeal of the post-war period, people realized that the power of the instinctive feelings of the members of the ethnic society to unite into a common society was far stronger than the international unity of workers as claimed by the socialists.

In addition, the world economy after the war encountered an unprecedented depression, and each country took various emergency measures both domestically and internationally, but these measures had almost no effect. Thus, each country adopted a policy of national control over capitalism for the welfare of the whole nation domestically, and a policy of national empowerment abroad. This tendency could be seen in all countries, but it is not surprising that it was stronger in countries with great national difficulties, such as Germany and Italy.

In Germany, the chaos was particularly severe due to the exhaustion caused by the ravages of war, the payment of reparations, the flood of unemployed people, the corruption of political parties, and the conversion of the military into political parties. The Marxist system of social democracy did not contribute anything other than to guide the German people towards the abyss. The only thing left for Germany to do under those circumstances was to stand up for a profit-driven society, to stop socialism, to form an ethnic-national communal society, to arouse national sentiment, and to begin marching its troops towards a grand reconstruction, starting from the brink of the abyss.

However, we must not overlook the fact that in both Italy and Germany, the collapse of liberalism was the cultural historical cause that formed a major background to these political and social phenomena.

Gyeongseong Ilbo (Keijo Nippo), February 26, 1943

Source: https://archive.org/details/kjnp-1943-02-26

Reddit Link: 1943 Imperial Japanese editorial declares liberalism as incapable of maintaining peace and order, and attacks the "analytical spirit of modernity", "extreme analysis", "abuse of the intellect", and "divisive individualism" while praising Fascism and Nazism for building holistic communal societies : badphilosophy (reddit.com)

(Transcription into modern Japanese orthography)

京城日報 1943年2月26日

国体の本義と道義半島(五)

鎌田沢一郎

内面的結合主義の勃興

分析精神主義にとって代わる

かくて西欧は自然科学と技術との領域に於いて未曾有の大変革を人類社会に齎し、時間的、空間的に世界の距離を短縮せしめ、地球が統一有機体であるとの自覚を世界に与えた。この点に於いて吾々は近代西欧文明の偉大なる功績を讃美する。従ってその根柢をなした自由主義、個人主義の思想は十九世紀を通じて社会を支配し、華々しい進歩の歴史を造り上げた。

今日までの人類文明史上、最も華やかな、最も崇める最も進歩したる時代であったといえる。

しかしながら他面において、それが眼に見えぬ大なる弱点と短所とを包蔵していたのである。即ち近代文明は人間存在に関する深奥なる精神問題のあることを閑却していた。自然物質の領域の外に精神の王国あることを無視していた。人々は神の掟と社会の凡ての制約的秩序から解放せられることを自由と考えた。ここに個人主義の醗酵素たる近代自由の理念が発生したのである。

かくして中世文明の反動として勃興し来った自由主義は当時の暗黒を打ち破って、近代的意味に於ける「人間」を発見せしめた功績は人類永久の真理であるかに考えられて来たが、個人主義、唯物主義の極まるところ、遂にその自家中毒を起して、現在我々の前に曝け出した姿は、凡ゆる生活領域に於ける無政府状態である。

即ち主観主義、合理主義、実証主義の齎したものは懐疑主義、物質主義、生存競争主義であり、宗教改革の残したものは、伝統と権威を失い、精神の帰順するところなき信仰の無政府であり、契約説、功利主義の到達したるところは、政治上の無政府傾向であり、自由放任主義の経済原則の到達したるところは現代社会不安の根元たる経済的無政府である。

要するに自由主義文明は人類共同社会の秩序と平和を維持し能わぬことは今や明瞭となり、人間の相互信頼関係と、民族の内面的国際関係はいよいよ基礎を失うがごとき矛盾に満ちた現象が現れ始め、遂に第一次欧州大戦となり、戦後に於いては一時分裂と対立と闘争と無統制との一般的傾向はますます助長せられ、さらに西欧文明の本質そのものに対する悲観的批判が広く行わるるに至り、オスワルド・シュペングラーの「西欧の没落」が世界的話題となり、更にそれが飛躍して第二次世界戦争に於いて実証さるるに至ったのである。

茲に於いて世界は再転して、自然の領域の外に精神の王国あることを確信し、知性の濫用による極端なる分析と功利化と卑俗化より起ち上がらんとするに至った。

木を見て森を見ざるが如き近代の分析精神を排して、知の外に感情や意欲を含めて豊かな全体的、具体的な心情のあることを確認し、人と人との内面的結合による全体を視ることによって、その建て直しを図らんとするに至ったのである。

まず伊太利におけるファシズムの勃興はその一の現れである。ファシズムはマルクス理論家のいうがごとき資本主義の再編成でもなければ、又ロシア革命への単なる保守主義的反動でもない。ファショというイタリー語は「結束」を意味する。即ち今まで弛緩し分裂し来った所のものを緊張せしめ、統轄せしめることである。

故にファシズム即ち結束主義は、先ず第一に分裂的なる個人主義に立つ資本主義を克服するとともに、また他方社会をブルジョアとプロレタリアの二階層にのみ分かち、階級闘争によってプロレタリアのみの独裁政治を確立せんとする共産主義をも克服し、新たに全体的有機的なる共同社会を建設せんとするものである。ファシズムの原理は明かに全体主義的哲学理念である。

ムッソリーニはいう、「ファシズムは輸出品ではない。それは典型的なるイタリー的現象である。だがその理論のあるものは普遍的である。何となれば多くの国が自由主義的、民主主義的制度の堕落に苦悩しているからである」と。

その言のごとく、ファッショ運動はイタリー固有のものであり、欧州大戦後の特殊なる環境に置かれていたイタリーに於いて勃興し、国際的に統一された理論として生れたものではない。しかし乍ら、それを契機として、これと同様なる社会傾向および運動形態が世界各国に於いて次々と見られる様になった。

勿論それらは外見的に夫々特異なる相を示しているが、本質的には一つの共通的なる傾向によって貫かれているが故に、その運動および理論を単にイタリーにのみ極限することは出来ないのである。

次はナチスの勃興である。一九一九年ミュンヘンに於いて初めて微小なる姿を現したドイツ国民主義社会労働党は、これまた世界史に比類なき急速なる躍進を続けて今日に及んだが、この運動に対しても我国の学者、思想家、評論家の殆どすべてが自由主義的世界観に立ち、兎角これを白眼視来り、甚だしきに至りては「思想的に無内容なる暴力運動」なりとさえ評し来ったのである。

しかし乍ら今日このナチス運動の精神的基礎を冷静に観察すれば、それは個人よりも民族を重んじ、民族生命をもって絶対的なるものとし、従来の個人主義的世界観に対し、新たに民族全体主義の世界観を確立するに至ったのである。

蓋しナチスの勃興についても幾多の原因が存在する。就中重要なる原因の一つは欧州大戦後の社会的事情である。欧州大戦後の試練を通じて人々は、社会主義者の主張する労働者の国際的団結よりも、民族社会の成員が本能的な感情を以て、共同社会に結びつく力の方が遥かに強大である事を如実に体験した。

加うるに大戦後の世界経済は未曾有の不況に遭遇し、各国は夫々国内的にも、国際的にも種々の応急方策を講じたが、それは殆ど何等の効果を齎さなかった。かくて各国は国内的には全体の福利のために資本主義に国家的統制を加え、国外的には国民の威力を発揚せんとする政策を採るに至った。かかる傾向はいずれの国にもみられたが、ドイツ、イタリーの如き国家的困難の大きい国にその傾向の強かったことは当然の現象である。

ドイツに於いては戦禍に因る疲弊、賠償金の支払い、失業者の洪水、政党の堕落、軍部の政党化によって、その混乱は特に甚だしかったのである。而も社会民主主義治下のマルキシズム的制度は独逸国民を没落に導く以外に何等の貢献を齎さなかった。かかる情勢下に於いてドイツに残された急務は、利益社会に立って社会主義を止揚し、民族国家的共同社会を結成し、国民的感情を昂揚し、没落一歩手前より大建設を目ざしての進軍を開始することであった。

蓋しイタリーの場合も、ドイツの場合も、かかる政治的、社会的現象の大なる背景をなすものに、自由主義の崩壊という文化史的原因あることを見逃してはならないのである。


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